The effects of diazepam on the elevated T-maze are dependent on the estrous cycle of rats

In order to determine the modulation of anxiolytic and panicolytic-like effects of diazepam by the hormonal cycle of female rats, male and female rats - the latter divided per estrous cycle phase (estrus, diestrus, metaestrus and proestrus) - were tested in the elevated T-maze, a behavioral model of panic and anxiety. Diazepam (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) or saline solution was injected in individual animals that were submitted to one session in the elevated T-maze 25 min after drug/saline administration. The test consisted of three avoidance trials and one escape trial, separated by a 30 s interval, during which the animals were isolated in individual cages. The avoidance trials began with the animal being placed at the end of the maze's enclosed arm. The time necessary for the animal to leave the central square was considered as the response's latency. The trials that exceeded 300 s were considered as failures. Results demonstrate a decrease in the effects of diazepam in inhibitory avoidance (anxiety) trials in females in diestrus and proestrus, but no relation of gender or estrous cycle on diazepam effects on escape trials (fear). The results support the hypothesis that down-regulation of GABA A receptors by activation of nuclear estrogen receptors and induction of PKC-mediated GABA A receptor phosphorylation by activation of surface estrogen receptors in raphe neurons underlie the modulation of diazepam sensitivity by estrogen

Corda branca em carne negra: Os escravos e a pena de morte por enforcamento no Brasil Império

Este artigo busca analisar uma pequena parte da história da pena de morte imposta aos escravos no Brasil Império, e, tenta compreender um pouco do contexto brasileiro da época, e das dificuldades de controle sobre a cada vez maior população escrava. Também se pretende entender o mecanismo legal, a Lei de 10 de junho de 1835, criado para facilitar e acelerar os processos jurídicos em vista da necessidade da punição contra escravos rebeldes, insurgentes, revoltosos e homicidas de senhores e seus protegidos. Algumas especificidades serão tratadas nesse trabalho, que objetiva entender algumas histórias e personagens que exemplificarão o modus operandi de todo o processo de execução imposta aos escravos: o cortejo rumo ao patíbulo, o carrasco responsável pela peculiar maneira de enforcar empregada no Brasil Império, e casos que auxiliam na exemplificação das dificuldades de interpretação das leis, causando situações contraditórias e arbitrárias muitas vezes

Prostituição, ofensas e bofetadas nos periódicos de Florianópolis entre 1900 – 1930

This article have by aim to tell a part of the history of quotidian of violences and attacks on women who provide sexual services in Florianópolis between the years 1900-1930, found in the newspaper of the period.Esse artigo busca contar uma parte da história do cotidiano de violências e agressões sofridas por mulheres que prestavam serviços sexuais em Florianópolis entre os anos de 1900-1930, presente nos jornais do período

Knowledge Management and Analysis of Scientific Biotechnology Trends in Venezuela

This paper presents a study on knowledge management and analysis of scientific Biotechnology trends in Venezuela, providing an overview of the science profile as well as regional development and its relation to issues of topics covered by Biotechnology based on the analysis of scientific publications for the period of 1995 to 2010. The survey was accomplished in database ISI/Web of Science using 60 terms selected by experts in Biotechnology and 803 register has been organized. Scientific indicators were produced using data/ text mining tools. It was possible to find a greater number of scientific publications in areas such as Ecology and Health, showing a greater frequency in these terms: DNA, PCR and Biodiversity. Results pointed out The United States of America as the main foreign partner-country of scientific publications followed by Spain and France. It was possible to verify cooperation network with others Latin American countries: Brazil, Colombia and Chile

The familial hypercholesterolaemia phenotype: Monogenic familial hypercholesterolaemia, polygenic hypercholesterolaemia and other causes

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a monogenic disorder characterised by high LDL-C concentrations and increased cardiovascular risk. However, in clinically defined FH cohorts worldwide, an FH-causing variant is only found in 40-50% of the cases. The aim of this work was to characterise the genetic cause of the FH phenotype in Portuguese clinical FH patients. Methods and Results Between 1999 and 2017, 731 index patients (311 children and 420 adults) who met the Simon Broome diagnostic criteria had been referred to our laboratory. LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, APOE, LIPA, LDLRAP1, ABCG5/8 genes were analysed by PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing. The 6-SNP LDL-C genetic risk score (GRS) for polygenic hypercholesterolaemia was validated in the Portuguese population and cases with a GRS over the 25th percentile were considered to have a high likelihood of polygenic hypercholesterolaemia. An FH-causing mutation was found in 39% of patients (94% in LDLR, 5% APOB and 1% PCSK9), while at least 29% have polygenic hypercholesterolaemia and 1% have other lipid disorders. A genetic cause for the FH phenotype was found in 503 patients (69%). All known causes of the FH phenotype should be investigated in FH cohorts to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Teste de flexibilidade da cauda do espermatozóide: um teste simples para seleção de espermatozóides viáveis para injeção intracitoplasmática de espermatozóide a partir de amostras de sêmen sem espermatozóides móveis

PURPOSE: The objective was to describe the results of the injection of immotile spermatozoa with flexible tails when only immotile spermatozoa are present in the semen sample. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the procedure results for 10 couples who participated in our intracytoplasmic sperm injection program. The sperm tail was considered flexible when it moved up and down independently of the head movement, and it was considered inflexible when the movement occurred together (tail plus head). The fertilization and pregnancy rate were analyzed. RESULTS: The normal fertilization rate (presence of 2 pronuclei) was 30.3% (40/132), and the abnormal fertilization rate (presence of less than or more than 2 pronuclei) was 6.81% (9/132). A total of 52 embryos were obtained with 9 transfer procedures performed (pregnancy rate: 11.12%). CONCLUSIONS: The sperm tail flexibility test (STFT) is an easy and cost-effective way for selecting viable immotile spermatozoa and can be used as an alternative method for determining the viability of spermatozoa. This test seems to be a simple and risk-free method when compared to the swelling test.OBJETIVO: Descrever os resultados da injeção de espermatozóides imóveis com cauda flexível quando somente estavam presentes nas amostras espermatozóides imóveis. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo analisando os resultados dos procedimentos de injeção intracitoplasmática de espermatozóide, de 10 casais, realizados no nosso centro. A cauda do espermatozóide era considerada flexível quando esta se movia para cima e para baixo independente do movimento da sua cabeça, e era considerada rígida quando o movimento acontecia em bloco (cabeça e cauda). Os parâmetros de avaliação foram taxas de fertilização e gestação. RESULTADOS: A taxa normal de fertilização (presença de 2 pró-núcleos) encontrada foi 30,3% (40/132) e a taxa de fertilização anormal (presença de menos ou mais de 2 pró-núcleos) foi 6,81% (9/132). No total foram obtidos 52 embriões e foram realizados 9 procedimentos de transferência, a taxa de gestação encontrada foi de 11,12%. CONCLUSÕES: O teste de flexibilidade da cauda do espermatozóide é um método fácil e de baixo custo para avaliação da viabilidade de espermatozóides imóveis e pode ser usado como um método alternativo de determinação da viabilidade de espermatozóides. Esse teste nos parece ser mais simples e com menor risco quando comparado ao Swelling Test